Certification and Registration
Overview of Testing under the European Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 2014/30/EU (EMC Directive)
Category:
EU CE-EMC
EMC mainly consists of two parts: EMI and EMS. Each part includes several corresponding test items.
1. EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) primarily includes the following:
◉ RE (Radiated Emission) Radiated interference
Harm / Risk: Equipment may affect nearby electronic devices through electromagnetic radiation. In severe cases, it may interfere with adjacent wireless receiving devices, reducing their sensitivity or causing them to malfunction.
Test objective: To measure the radiated interference field strength of equipment transmitted through space, which can be categorized into magnetic-field radiation and electric-field radiation.
Test method: An antenna is used as a sensor, with typical antennas including dipole antennas, biconical antennas, log-periodic antennas, dual-ridge waveguides, and conical logarithmic spiral antennas. Radiated emissions must be measured in all directions around the device under test.
◉ CE (Conducted Emission)
Harm / Risk: The equipment emits interference signals through power cords, signal lines, and interconnecting cables, affecting or interfering with other equipment connected to the public power grid.
Test Objective: To detect interference signals emitted by the equipment through power cords, signal cables, and interconnecting lines during operation, and verify whether these emissions exceed the specified limits.
Test method: Typical sensors include LISN (Line Impedance Stabilization Network), AMN (Artificial Mains Network), and RF current clamps.
◉ Harmonic
Harm / Risk: Equipment injects harmonic currents into the public power supply system through power lines, which may interfere with other devices on the same grid. It can also cause current overload, reduce energy efficiency, increase equipment temperature, generate noise, accelerate insulation aging, shorten service life, and even result in equipment failure or burnout.
Test objective: To verify whether harmonic currents injected into the public power supply system through equipment power cords comply with the limits specified in relevant standards.
Test method: The test is conducted using a clean power supply, harmonic analyzer, and current probe.
◉ Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker
Harm / Risk:Voltage fluctuations and flicker generated by the equipment may cause potential harm, including: flicker from lighting that affects human vision; unstable motor operation; and process operations that are highly sensitive to voltage fluctuations. Test results showing adverse effects may cause electronic instruments, computer systems, and other equipment to malfunction or sustain damage.
Test Objective:To detect voltage fluctuations generated by the equipment and verify that the flicker meets the limit requirements specified in the relevant standards.
Test method:Testing is performed using a clean power supply, a reference impedance network, and harmonic analysis. Voltage fluctuations and flicker are measured with a dedicated flicker analyzer.
2. EMS (Electromagnetic Susceptibility) primarily includes the following aspects:
◉ RS (Radiated Susceptibility)
Harm / Risk: Personnel involved in equipment operation, maintenance, and safety inspections may be exposed to electromagnetic radiation from sources such as mobile phones, radio stations, television transmitters, and mobile radio transmitters. (The above are intentional emissions.) Parasitic radiation generated by automotive ignition systems, electric welders, thyristor rectifiers, and fluorescent lamps during operation (The above are unintentional emissions) can also cause radio-frequency radiation interference (radiated interference), resulting in unstable equipment operation or even damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s ability to withstand electromagnetic interference from radiated radio-frequency fields.
Test method: The test is conducted using a signal generator, power amplifier, antenna, field strength probe, and field strength measurement and recording equipment.
|
Frequency range |
Electric field strength (V/m) |
Equipment Under Test Face (EUTFace) |
Residence time |
Result |
|
80 MHz–1 GHz |
3 |
Front |
2s |
A |
|
80 MHz–1 GHz |
3 |
Back |
2s |
A |
|
80 MHz–1 GHz |
3 |
Left |
2s |
A |
|
80 MHz–1 GHz |
3 |
Right |
2s |
A |
|
80 MHz–1 GHz |
3 |
Top |
2s |
A |
|
80 MHz–1 GHz |
3 |
Underside |
2s |
A |
Test data
◉ CS (Conducted Susceptibility)
Harm / Risk: In daily life, ubiquitous electronic and electrical devices are connected by various cables, which may develop induced voltages or currents under the influence of external electromagnetic fields, affecting normal equipment operation and potentially causing instability or damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s immunity to conducted disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields.
Test method: A simulated strong disturbance signal at a specified level is applied to the device under test to evaluate its immunity to such interference.
Test data
◉ ESD (Electro-Static Discharge)
Harm / Risk: Discharges from operators or objects when contacting the equipment, as well as discharges between personnel or objects and nearby conductive materials, may cause unstable equipment operation or even damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s ability to withstand electrostatic discharge interference.
Test method: The test is typically performed using an ESD simulator, such as a piezoelectric spark generator “gun” (contact discharge and air discharge).
◉ EFT (Electrical Fast Transient)
Harm / Risk: In circuits, switching transients, such as those caused by inductive load switching and relay contact bounce, can generate interference affecting other electrical and electronic devices in the same circuit, resulting in unstable operation or equipment damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s immunity to transient disturbances caused by simulated switching events, such as inductive load disconnection and relay contact bounce.
Test method: Testing is performed using a pulse generator.
◉ Surge Immunity
Harm / Risk: Switching transients and lightning surges in power systems may cause unstable equipment operation or even damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s immunity to surge interference, such as lightning surge events.
Test method: Testing is conducted using a surge generator.
◉ PMS (Power Frequency Magnetic Susceptibility)
Harm / Risk: Power-frequency magnetic fields generated by currents in conductors may affect equipment operating within the field, causing unstable operation or even damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s immunity to continuous and short-term power-frequency magnetic field interference.
Test method: The test is conducted using an induction coil and a current generator.
◉ DIPs - Immunity to voltage sags, short-duration interruptions, and voltage variations
Harm / Risks: Voltage dips and short interruptions may result from power grid faults, electrical equipment failures, or sudden load changes. Voltage fluctuations caused by continuous load variations in the grid may lead to unstable equipment operation and, in some cases, equipment damage.
Test Objective: To evaluate the equipment’s immunity to voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations.
Test method: The equipment is tested under each specified voltage variation condition.
SATISFY provides professional EMC testing services with authoritative laboratory test reports. Please contact SATISFY for more information.
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